A short summary of this paper. Oracle Database 11g: SQL. This course is adapted to your level as well as all Oracle pdf courses to better enrich your knowledge.. All you need to do is download the training document, open it and start learning Oracle for free.. This tutorial has been prepared for the. SQL is a language of database, it includes database creation, deletion, fetching rows and modifying rows etc.
The first relational database was released by Relational Software which later came to be known as Oracle. You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Google account.
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Malataur 26 April dhanam movie in tamil Zulkisida 18 July hollywood movie rongton 4 Nilkree 25 November kya kool hain hum 3 movie images Views: Likes: Share this: Twitter Facebook. Like this: Like Loading If you refer to O ly other variables in a declaration, be sure that they are already declared separately in a previous statement. This variable can be accessed in the executable section of the same block. A value John is assigned to O ly the variable in the executable section.
String literals must be enclosed in single quotation marks. The value of the variable is concatenated with the string 'My name is:'. The e r s output of this anonymous block is: t U I n c l e 2. This value is manipulated in O the executable section of the block.
Father's day! You can specify any character that is not present in the string as delimiter. The slide shows how to use the q' notation to specify the a e delimiter. The example uses! You start the string with q' if I n you want to use a delimiter. The character following the notation is the delimiter used. Enter your string after specifying the delimiter, close the delimiter, and close the notation with a single l e quotation mark.
You learn about host variables later in this lesson. A constant must be initialized in its declaration; otherwise, you get a compilation error. After initializing a constant, you cannot change its value. If you do not assign an initial value, the new variable contains NULL by default until you assign a value. It is good programming practice to initialize all variables. Where a e they coexist, you can qualify them with labels and use them.
Although the code example in the slide works, code that is written using the same name for a database table and a variable is not easy to read or maintain.
For instance, you can choose from integer, r a floating point, character, Boolean, date, collection, and LOB types. O ly A scalar data type holds a single value and has no internal components. Character and number data types have subtypes that associate a base type to a constraint. Base type for variable-length character data up to 32, bytes. The scale s can range from —84 through It requires 5 bytes to store the value. It requires 9 bytes to store the value. DATE values include the time of day in seconds O ly since midnight.
The range for dates is between B. To specify the precision, you must use an integer in the range 0—9. The default is 6. You cannot use a symbolic constant or variable to specify the precision; you must use an integer literal in the range 0—9. When you retrieve the value, the Oracle server returns the value in your local session time zone. The default is 2. In both cases, you cannot use a A symbolic constant or variable to specify the precision; you must use an e l integer literal in the range 0—9.
The defaults are 2 and 6, respectively. If you have O ly to design large subprograms, this can be time consuming and error prone. If you refer to a previously declared variable, I n prefix the variable name of the previously declared variable to the variable being declared.
This ensures that such a variable is always compatible with the column that is used to populate it. These r a comparisons, called Boolean expressions, consist of simple or complex expressions separated by relational operators. In a SQL statement, you can use Boolean expressions to specify the rows in O ly a table that are affected by the statement.
NULL stands for a missing, inapplicable, or unknown value. For this reason, they are sometimes called host variables. However, bind variables are accessible even after the block is executed.
Therefore, when created, bind variables can be e r s used and manipulated by multiple subprograms. However, you can specify the size for character strings. The Oracle server uses the same number of bytes to store 7, 70, and.
It is not practical to calculate the size of the Oracle number representation from the number format, so the code always allocates the bytes needed. With character strings, the size is required from the user so that the required number of bytes can be allocated. Note the SQL statement that uses the bind variable. A database column can be of r a the LOB category. With the LOB category of data types BLOB, CLOB, and so on , you can store blocks of unstructured data such as text, graphic images, video clips, and sound O ly wave forms of up to terabytes depending on database block size.
When you insert or retrieve such data into or from the I n database, the database does not interpret the data. External applications that use this data must interpret the data. BFILEs are stored outside the database. They r a could be operating system files. Is used to declare a variable according to a database column definition 2. Is used to declare a variable according to a collection of columns in a database table or view 3. Is used to declare a variable according the definition of another declared variable 4.
If you refer to a previously declared variable, c l e prefix the variable name of the previously declared variable to the variable being declared.
Also, if r a the variable is used in any calculations, you need not worry about its precision. You saw some of the guidelines for declaring variables. You learned how to initialize variables when you declare them. You learned how to initialize variables in the I n executable section and also how to use them and manipulate the values of variables. Identify valid and invalid identifier names: a. Identify valid and invalid variable declaration and initialization: a.
Examine the following anonymous block and choose the appropriate statement. The block returns an error because the fname variable is used without initializing. Create an anonymous block. In the declarative section, declare the e r following variables: t U s 1. Sample output is as follows: 5. Add code to create two bind variables. You learn to write nested blocks.
You also learn about the scope and visibility of variables in nested blocks and about qualifying variables with labels. You have learned to identify valid and invalid identifiers. Recall that keywords cannot be used as identifiers. However, use c of quoted identifiers is not recommended. Therefore, ; is an O example of a delimiter.
Any character, numeral, O ly Boolean, or date value that is not an identifier is a literal. There should be a way in which you can indicate that these r ainstructions need not be compiled. Comments are mainly used for this purpose. Any O instruction that is commented is not interpreted by the compiler. Well-placed comments are extremely valuable for code readability and future code maintenance. Although the old style of using a SELECT statement to query a sequence is still valid, it is recommended that you do not use it.
This n t e r method created a usability problem. You can nest blocks wherever an r a executable statement is allowed, thus making the nested block a statement. If your executable section has code for many logically related functionalities to support multiple business O ly requirements, you can divide the executable section into smaller blocks. The exception section can also contain nested blocks. The r variable is declared in the inner block.
You can access this variable in the inner block as shown in the slide. This variable can be accessed only within the inner block. These variables have the scope of the block in which they are declared and are O accessible. Therefore, the scope of these variables is limited to the outer block. These variables are accessible only within the nested block and are not accessible in the outer block.
However, this variable is not visible in the inner block because the inner block has a local variable with the same name. You cannot have variables with the same name in a block.
However, you can declare variables with the same name in two different blocks nested blocks. The two items represented by the identifiers are distinct; changes in one do not affect the other. You can use a qualifier to access the variables that have r a scope but are not visible. The outer block is labeled outer. Determine each of the following values according to the rules of scoping: 1.
Value of x at position 1 r a O ly 2. Value of outer. To show structure, you can r a divide lines by using carriage returns and you can indent lines by using spaces and tabs. The functions mentioned here are only a subset of the complete list. Blocks defined O ly within a block are called subblocks. You can nest blocks only in the executable part of a block.
Ensure correct scope and visibility of the variables when you have nested blocks. Avoid n a e using the same identifiers in the parent and child blocks. Conversion t U functions convert a value from one data type to another. Comparison operators compare one I n expression to another. The relational operators enable you to compare arbitrarily complex a expressions. Use single-line comment syntax to comment the lines that create the bind variables.
Use multiple-line comments in the executable section to comment the lines that assign values to the bind variables. You can comment the lines that display the dates and print the bind variables, if you want to. Calculate the contribution of the employee toward provident fund PF. Use the local variables for the calculation. Try and use only one expression to calculate the PF. You learn the need for cursors and differentiate O ly between the two types of cursors. The lesson also presents the various SQL cursor attributes that can be used with implicit cursors.
You can use DML commands to modify the data in a database table. Just as a a e block can span multiple transactions, a transaction can span multiple blocks. DDL statements cannot be directly executed.
These statements are dynamic SQL l e statements. Dynamic SQL statements are built as character strings at run time and can c contain placeholders for parameters. You can use dynamic SQL to execute them. Be sure that they correspond positionally and that their data types are compatible. A query that returns more than one row or no row generates an error. You O learn about exception handling later in the course. If your requirement is to retrieve multiple rows and operate on the data, you can make use of explicit cursors.
The decision whether to update or insert into the target table is based on a condition in the ON clause. That is, you cannot update the same row of the target l e table multiple times in the same MERGE statement. Even though the n t e r U s employees table is not read only, inserting, updating, and deleting are not allowed on this table to ensure consistency of output.
Recall that if column names and O ly identifier names are identical in the WHERE clause, the Oracle server looks to the database first for the name.
If the WHERE clause is not used, c a all the rows in a table can be removed if there are no integrity constraints. The SQL statement is parsed and processed in this area.
Information required for processing and information retrieved after processing are all stored in this area. You have no e r s control over this area because it is internally managed by the Oracle server.
However, this cursor is an implicit cursor and is automatically managed by the Oracle server. You do not have access to it. The Oracle server creates such a cursor when it has to execute a SQL statement. In such cases, you can declare cursors explicitly depending on your business requirements.
A cursor that is declared by programmers is called an explicit cursor. I n Therefore, you use SQL instead of the cursor name. This attribute may be used as the exit condition in a loop.
O You learn about explicit cursor attributes later in the course. Print the number of rows deleted. However, the DDL commands cannot be used directly. There are two types of cursors. Implicit cursors are l n a e created and managed internally by the Oracle server to execute SQL statements. Display the maximum department ID. Sample output is as follows: 2. You have already retrieved the current maximum department ID from the departments table.
Note: Skip step a if you have not started a new session for this practice. End the executable block with the END keyword. You r a have also learned to include expressions and SQL statements in the executable block. The tests are executed in sequence so that a later predicate that might be true is preempted by an earlier predicate that is true. Therefore, the control never reaches the THEN clause. There is no limitation on the number of conditional expressions.
However, c l e these statements must be related with appropriate logical operators. The output of the block is shown in the slide. Conditions are evaluated one by one from the top. The final ELSE clause is optional. The c control goes to the ELSE statement. The value returned by these expressions is used to select one of several alternatives. To return the result, the c r a CASE expression uses a selector, which is an expression whose value is used to return one of several alternatives.
The value of the selector determines which result is returned. If the value of the result is returned. Furthermore, its WHEN clauses contain search conditions that yield a Boolean value rather than expressions that can yield a value of any type.
This value is accepted from the user by using a substitution variable. In searched CASE statements, you do not have a test expression.
Similarly, you can include statements in the CASE statement. But nulls s are indeterminate. Whether or not x is equal to y is unknown. TRUE O ly 2. NULL 4. Loops are mainly used to execute statements repeatedly until an exit condition is reached. It is mandatory to have an exit condition in a loop; otherwise, the loop is infinite. A basic loop must have an EXIT. A basic loop allows execution of its statements at least once, even if the EXIT infinite. The EXIT statement must be placed inside a loop.
In the c l e latter case, you can attach a WHEN clause to enable conditional termination of the loop. If the r a condition yields TRUE, the loop ends and control passes to the next statement after the loop. However, if the exit condition is placed at the top of the loop before any of the other executable statements and if that condition is true, the loop exits and the statements never execute.
The condition is evaluated at the start of each iteration. Thus, it is possible that none of the statements inside the loop are executed.
It is declared implicitly as an integer. The lower bound and upper bound of the loop range can be literals, variables, or expressions, but they must evaluate to integers.
The lower bound and upper bound are inclusive in the loop range. If the lower bound of the loop range evaluates to a larger integer than the upper bound, the sequence of statements is not executed. This slide shows you how to achieve They can be expressions that convert to numeric values. Without the EXIT statement, the loop would be infinite. The loop terminates iterations are performed. Use a FOR loop if the number of iterations is predetermined.
The termination of a nested loop c r a does not terminate the enclosing loop unless an exception was raised. However, you can label loops and exit the outer loop with the EXIT statement. O ly Label names follow the same rules as other identifiers. The inner O ly loop is nested within the outer loop. Many other programming languages have this functionality. Before the Oracle Database O ly 11g release, you could code a workaround using Boolean variables and conditional statements to efficient.
It may be n t e r U s more efficient than previous coding workarounds. After the innermost loop is terminated by the BeforeTopLoop in this example. These control structures are also used to control the flow of the program.
You use the IF construct to perform a conditional execution of statements. Insert the numbers 1 to 10, excluding 6 and 8. Commit before the end of the block. You should see the following output: m y d e 2. This script creates an emp table that is a replica of c a the employees table. Create a variable sal of type emp. Update the stars column for the employee with the string of asterisks. Commit I n before the end of the block. In this lesson, you learn more about composite data types and their uses.
For example, you can define a record to hold employee details. By creating a record to store employee n easier. You have all the related data as a single unit.
You can easily access and modify the data. Data is easier to manage, relate, and transport if it is composite. An analogy is having a single bag for all your laptop components rather than a separate bag for each component. Note that this data type can also be of the composite type such as records. You can define a collection to hold the e r s first names of all employees. You may have stored n names in the collection; however, name 1 t U is not related to name 2. The relation between these names is only that they are employee names.
The variable has c r a the same data type and size as the table column. Also, if the variable is used in any calculations, you need not worry about its precision. The fields in the record take their names and data types from the columns of the table or n a e view. The record can also store an entire row of data fetched from a cursor or cursor variable. In the syntax: t U Is the name chosen for the record as a whole identifier reference I n Is the name of the table, view, cursor, or cursor variable on c l e which the record is to be based The table or view must exist for this reference to be valid.
Note: This is not code but simply the structure of the composite variable. Make sure that the column names appear in the same order as the fields in your e A record. You can also assign one record to another if both have the same corresponding data types. When the program is recompiled, it will automatically reflect the new table format. In the absence of this attribute, you would be forced to declare a variable for each of the I n columns retrieved by the SELECT statement. To use them: record is shown in the slide.
The syntax for defining the O ly 2. Declare and optionally initialize the internal components of this record type. Each field has a r a unique name and a specific data type. Therefore, you must create the record type first and then declare an identifier using that type.
They cease to exist when you exit the block or subprogram. If an employee is retiring, c r a information about that employee is added to a table that holds information about retired employees. The user supplies the employee number. The number of fields in the record must be equal to the number of field names in the INTO clause.
You can use this record to insert values O ly into a table. This makes the code more readable. No employee retires on the n a e hire date. The inserted record is shown in the slide. You will see how to update this in the next slide. This slide shows you how to update a row by r a using a record. The ROW keyword is used to represent the entire row. The code shown in the slide updates the leavedate of the employee.
The record is updated as shown in the slide. However, the size depends on the values that the key data type can hold. INDEX BY tables can c r a store data using a primary key value as the index, where the key values are not necessarily sequential. They are used to represent n t e r U s mathematical integers in a compact form and to implement arithmetic operations by using machine arithmetic.
If the column is of scalar type, it can c r a hold only one value. If the column is of record type, it can hold multiple values. Note that the keys can be both positive and negative. Declare a variable of that data type. That is, the c grows as new rows are added. The column can belong to any scalar or record data type.
The primary key is either a number or a string. It contains no keys or values. Indexing does not need to start with 1. Use the exists c a method to prevent an error that is raised in reference to a nonexistent table element.
There is often a need to store all the columns retrieved by a query. If the table structure changes, the record structure also picks up the change. There is a column with numbers in sequence that is considered as the key column. Elements can be deleted from anywhere in a nested table, leaving a sparse table with a e nonsequential keys. The rows of a nested table are not in any particular order. When you retrieve n t e r s values from a nested table, the rows are given consecutive subscripts starting from 1.
You can check whether an element exists in a nested table and also whether a nested table is a subset of another. You have to specify the upper bound O ly when you declare them. This is similar to arrays in the C language. Contrast that with nested tables, which are n Example: t e r U s always stored out-of-line. When you are not sure about the structure of the underlying database table 2. When you want to retrieve an entire row from a table 3. In the absence of this attribute, you would be forced to declare a variable for each of the c l e columns retrieved by the SELECT statement.
By using r a records, you can group the data into one structure and then manipulate this structure as one entity or logical unit. This helps reduce coding and keeps the code easy to maintain and understand. The key column can be an integer or a string; the column that holds the value can be of any data type. The key must also be in a sequence. In the executable section, get all the information from the countries table by using countryid.
Display selected information about the country. Sample output is as follows. Assign 10 to c a c. Increase deptno by 10 for every iteration of the loop. Modify the block that you created in question 2 to retrieve all information about each department from the departments table and display the information. In this lesson, you learn about explicit cursors. You learn to differentiate between implicit and explicit cursors. You also learn to declare and control O ly simple cursors as well as cursors with parameters.
The set of rows returned by a multiple-row query is called the active set. Its size is the number of O ly rows that meet your search criteria.
The diagram in the slide shows how an explicit cursor at a time. SQL area. Open the cursor. Rows identified by the query are called the active set and are now available for fetching. Fetch data from the cursor.
If there are no more rows to process, you must close the cursor. Close the cursor. It is now possible to reopen the l e cursor to establish a fresh active set.
Cursor pointer 2 Fetch a row. Cursor pointer Cursor 3 Close the cursor. The cursor marks the current position in the active set. The OPEN statement executes the query associated with the cursor, identifies the active set, O ly and positions the cursor at the first row.
The FETCH statement retrieves the current row and advances the cursor to the next row until there are no more rows or a specified condition is met. That is because you are only defining a cursor in the declarative section and not retrieving any rows into the cursor. Note that a variable is used while declaring the cursor. These variables are considered bind variables, which must be visible when you are declaring the cursor. These variables are examined only once at the time the cursor opens.
Dynamically allocates memory for a context area n a e 3. Binds the input variables sets the values for the input variables by obtaining their memory addresses t e r U s 4. Identifies the active set the set of rows that satisfy the search criteria. After each fetch, the c r a cursor advances to the next row in the active set. O ly Consider the example shown in the slide. However, there are six employees in department 30, but only one row was fetched. To fetch all rows, you must use e r s loops.
In the next slide, you see how a loop is used to fetch all the rows. Match each variable to correspond to the columns positionally. Finally, test to see whether the cursor contains rows. If a fetch acquires no values, there are no rows left to process in the active set and no error is recorded. You can reopen the cursor if required. A cursor can be reopened only if it is closed. This is convenient for processing the rows of the active set, because you can simply fetch into the O ly record.
Therefore, the values of the row are loaded directly into the corresponding fields of the record. You now learn to use a r a cursor FOR loop, which processes rows in an explicit cursor.
It is a shortcut because the cursor is opened, a row is fetched once for each iteration in the loop, the loop exits when the last row is O ly processed, and the cursor is closed automatically.
You can access the fetched data with O ly this implicit record as shown in the slide. Use cursor attributes to determine when to exit the loop. The difference between the cursor r a FOR loops using subqueries and the cursor FOR loop lies in the cursor declaration. If you are writing cursor FOR loops using subqueries, you need not declare the cursor in the declarative O ly section. This means that you can open and close an explicit cursor r a several times in a block, returning a different active set on each occasion.
For each execution, the previous cursor is closed and reopened with a new set of parameters. Parameter data types are the same as those for scalar variables, but you do not give them sizes. The parameter names are for references in the query expression of the cursor.
This is particularly useful when the same cursor is referenced repeatedly. You see the updated data only when you reopen the cursor. Therefore, it is better to have locks on the rows before you update or O ly delete rows. This is useful when you want to base an update on the existing values in a row. In that case, you must make sure that the row is not changed by another session before the update.
Control is immediately returned to your program so that it can do other work before trying again to acquire the lock. You can try to open the cursor later. This enables you to apply updates and deletes to the row currently being addressed, without the need to explicitly reference the row ID. When evaluated, the subquery provides a value or set of values to the outer query. A table alias, t2, a e refers to this temporary data source in the FROM clause. When this cursor is opened, the active n t e r U s set contains the department number, department name, and total number of employees working for those departments that have three or more employees.
The Oracle server implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement that is not associated with an explicitly declared cursor. There are two kinds of cursors: implicit and explicit. For individually. When appended to the cursor variable name, these attributes return useful information about the execution of a SQL statement.
You can use cursor attributes in procedural I n statements but not in SQL statements. If you are using simple loops, you have to open, fetch, and close the cursor; however, cursor FOR r a loops do this implicitly. This ensures that the data you are using is not updated by another session after O you open the cursor.
In the executable section, use the cursor FOR loop to operate on the data retrieved. Declare variables to hold the values retrieved from each cursor.
Display the department number and department name. Note: You may want to print a line after you have displayed the details of each department. Use appropriate attributes for the exit condition. Also, determine whether a cursor is already open before opening the cursor. Close all the loops and cursors, and then end the executable section. Execute the script. For example, to view the top five salaries, enter 5. Declare another variable sal of type employees.
You can use a simple loop to operate on the data. Note: Make sure you add an exit condition to avoid having an infinite loop. The output shown represents the five highest salaries in the employees table. So far it has been assumed that the code works satisfactorily if you take care of compile-time O ly errors. However, the code may cause some unanticipated errors at run time.
There are no syntax errors in the code, which means r a you must be able to successfully execute the anonymous block. Such errors that occur at run time are called exceptions. Consider using a cursor. For exception handling, you include another optional section called the exception O ly section.
You need not pay attention to the syntax and statements; you learn about them later in the lesson. The output of t e r U s the code is shown in the slide above.
When the exception is raised, I n the control shifts to the exception section and all the statements in the exception section are c l e executed.
These errors are t e r U s converted into predefined exceptions. The raised exception may be either user-defined or predefined. These errors are any standard Oracle c r a errors that are not predefined. You can explicitly declare exceptions and associate them with the non-predefined Oracle errors. No abruptly. Yes Exception Execute statements Propagate the is raised. Terminate gracefully. If the exception is raised in the executable section of the block, processing then branches to the corresponding O ly exception handler in the exception section of the block.
You need to declare these within the Oracle Server error t e r s Oracle Server error U declarative section; the Oracle server will raise the error implicitly, and I n you can catch for the error in the c l e User-defined error A condition that the exception handler. Declare in the declarative section r a developer determines is abnormal and raise explicitly. Each handler consists of a WHEN clause, which specifies an exception name, followed by a sequence of statements to be executed when that exception is O ly raised.
However, you cannot have multiple handlers for a single exception. This traps any exception not yet handled. Some Oracle tools have their own predefined exceptions that you can raise to cause events in the application.
They are standard Oracle errors. O ly Such exceptions are called non-predefined exceptions. The declared exception is raised implicitly. That enables you to refer to any internal exception t e r U s by name and to write a specific handler for it. Declare the name of the exception in the declarative section. Reference the declared exception within the corresponding exception-handling routine. For example, you may prompt the user to enter a department number.
Define an exception to deal with error conditions in the input data. Check whether the O ly department number exists. If it does not, then you may have to raise the user-defined exception. Syntax: r a 1. Declare the name of the user-defined exception within the declarative section. The user supplies the r a department number and the new name. If the supplied department number does not exist, no rows are updated in the departments table.
Raise an exception and print a O message for the user that an invalid department number was entered. Note: Use the RAISE statement by itself within an exception handler to raise the same exception again and propagate it back to the calling environment. If results. The returned error is consistent with how the Oracle server produces a predefined, non-predefined, or user-defined error.
The error number O ly and message are displayed to the user. Exception section Predefined exceptions are error conditions that are defined by the Oracle server. Non-predefined exceptions can be any standard Oracle O ly server errors. User-defined exceptions are exceptions specific to your application.
Internal exceptions are raised implicitly automatically by the run-time system; however, user-defined exceptions must be raised a explicitly. To handle raised exceptions, you write separate routines called exception handlers. The purpose of this practice is to show the usage of predefined exceptions.
Delete all records in the messages table. Initialize the latter to Note: Do not use explicit cursors. Sample output is as follows: m y d e c a e A c l 2. The purpose of this practice is to show how to declare exceptions with a standard Oracle violated — child record found. This lesson introduces you to named blocks, which r a are also called subprograms.
In the lesson, you learn to differentiate between anonymous blocks and subprograms. Because they are unnamed, they can be neither reused nor stored for later use.
They are also known as subprograms. The block structure of the subprograms is similar to the structure of anonymous blocks. A subprogram contains the following sections: t e r U s Declarative section: Subprograms can have an optional declarative section.
The optional declarative section follows the IS or AS keyword in the subprogram r a Executable section: This is the mandatory section of the subprogram, which contains the implementation of the business logic.
Looking at the code in this section, you can easily O determine the business functionality of the subprogram. Exception section: This is an optional section that is included to handle exceptions. Anonymous blocks are not persistent database objects. They are compiled and executed O ly only once. They are not stored in the database for reuse. Procedures and functions are compiled and stored in the database in a compiled form. They are n a e recompiled only when they are modified. Because they are stored in the database, any t e r U s application can make use of these subprograms based on appropriate permissions.
The calling application can pass parameters to the procedures if the procedure is designed to accept I n parameters. Similarly, a calling application can retrieve a value if it invokes a function or a procedure. You can have any number of arguments separated by commas.
You have to include the r a call to the procedure in the executable section of the anonymous block. Similarly, you can invoke the procedure from any application, such as a Forms application, a Java application, and O ly so on. You can have any number or arguments separated by a comma. You pass the argument when a e you invoke the function. The difference between a procedure O and a function is that a function must return a value to the calling program.
The function is hard- n a e coded to check for this employee ID only. If you want to check for any other employees, you t e r U s must modify the function itself.
You can solve this problem by declaring the function so that it accepts an argument. You can then pass the employee ID as parameter. Thus the call to the function is included as the conditional expression for the IF block.
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