One of many benefits of repertoire mapping is that it helps researchers find high-frequency and overlapping combos in sequences, which may encourage antibody-based therapeutics to deal with comorbid sufferers. The authors are optimistic that this examine will assist develop novel molecular targets for treating these ailments. Friday, January 14, Sign in. Forgot your password? Get help. Privacy Policy. Password recovery. Health Men Health. Men Health. Ed Sheeran reminds us that consuming problems have an effect on males, too Arwa Mahdawi.
Most Popular. Hammerhead Karoo 2 Assessment — Bike Hugger. Texas Caviar with Baked Tortilla Chips. Load more. Recent Comments. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Cookie Settings Accept All. Manage consent. But when it kept happening, Shepherd and Pastuzyn took a peek under the electron microscope.
The protein structure looked familiar. Around 8 percent of the human genome is ultimately derived from viruses. For the host, these viral genes provide a genetic junk drawer full of nuts and bolts for evolution to play with.
Evolution, Shepherd says, is the ultimate MacGyver, referring to the s TV hero who could defuse a bomb with bubble gum and a paper clip. Instead, evolution tinkers, cobbling together inventive solutions out of the spare parts at hand. In the case of Arc, the Gag -derived viral gene gave mammals a ready-made delivery device that could be packaged in an extracellular vesicle.
A retrovirus packages RNA and moves it out of the cell, Feschotte said. Unlike Shepherd, whose interest in memory and learning spurred his interest in Arc, Budnik became interested in the protein through her studies of extracellular vesicles at the synapse of neurons.
In , Budnik and her colleagues generated the first animal model that showed how fruit flies use extracellular vesicles to ferry a protein called Wnt across the synapse.
When Budnik read a paper that showed extracellular vesicles could carry microRNA, it made her wonder if the vesicles could also carry messenger RNA. She began looking in the fly version of the Arc protein. Then Travis Thomson arrived in her lab as a postdoc after completing another postdoc in a lab that studied the mobile genetic elements called transposons, many of which resemble viruses.
As soon as he saw the mRNA from the Arc gene, he noted that it looked like RNA from a virus and wondered if it also behaved like a capsid. Budnik presented her initial findings on Arc at a closed conference two years ago; Shepherd was sitting in the back and realized Budnik had independently reached the same conclusions about Arc. He approached her afterward and explained his identical findings from a different approach.
Budnik and Shepherd soon determined that animals had repurposed a retroviral Gag protein twice: once in flies and once in mammals. In both groups of animals, Arc acts to move RNA across synapses. Shepherd and Budnik agreed to publish their papers in parallel, and did so in January in Cell. Thus far, she has found several, and one of them behaves like Arc. This work bolsters the close links between extracellular vesicles and viruses.
Meanwhile, Shepherd and his colleagues have been scouring the human genome for other genes similar to Arc. Because extracellular vesicles and exosomes can pass information between cells, scientists have begun to implicate them in everything from cancer to viral infections to basic neural functioning. To Lynne Maquat , an expert on retrotransposons at the University of Rochester, this process shows how parts of the genome we used to think of as junk actually have important functions.
In addition, the spread of bacterial diseases can be prevented by vaccination. However, viruses are much more resistant and can be prevented only by the preemptive strengthening of the immune system Ambardekar. Therefore, vaccines are the only means of prevention of viral infections. The treatment process of both types of microbes is also substantially different.
In particular, the most common way of dealing with bacterial infection is the intake of antibiotics Bailey. Such a fact necessitates contemporary scientists to introduce new and potent means of dealing with bacterial infections and diseases. Unlike bacterial illnesses, diseases caused by viruses cannot be cured by antibiotics.
Only some of the diseases caused by viruses can be treated by specific antiviral drugs Bailey. Thus, while the immune system fights the viral infection off, it results in the development of negative symptoms within the living organisms.
However, such an approach will not cure the virus itself; the latter can be eradicated by building a robust immune system. In conclusion, both bacteria and viruses are microorganisms that impact other living beings. The common features of these microbes are that they interfere with the host cells and can exist in the same environments.
Despite these facts, bacteria and viruses have different structures and sizes. While bacteria are considered living organisms, viruses are neither living nor non-living creatures. However, bacteria affect a specific organ or a body part, whereas viruses disrupt the whole organism.
Therefore, microbes have different principles of interacting with a living being and cause dissimilar types of illnesses. As a result, bacterial and viral infections are approached differently in terms of their prevention and treatment. All things considered, bacteria and viruses wield intricate characteristics; the similarities between them hinder the identification of bacterial or viral diseases, while their differences require dissimilar approaches to coping with illnesses caused by these microorganisms.
Works Cited Ambardekar, Nayana. Bailey, Regina. Panawala, Lakna. Writing Guide. Other paper types. Social Sciences. Business and administrative studies. Natural Sciences. Formal Sciences. Mathematics Statistics. Professions and Applied Sciences. Free tools Plagiarism Checker Find out if your paper is original. Words to Minutes Converter Wonder how much time you need to deliver your speech or presentation? Bibliography Generator Don't know how to format the bibliography page in your paper?
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